Compliance testing, also known as conformance testing, is a type of software testing to determine whether a software product, process, computer program, or system meets a defined set of internal or external standards before it?s released into production.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for 5G Compliance Testing, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding 5G Compliance Testing. This report contains market size and forecasts of 5G Compliance Testing in global, including the following market information:
Global 5G Compliance Testing Market Revenue, 2018-2023, 2024-2030, ($ millions)
Global top five companies in 2022 (%)
The global 5G Compliance Testing market was valued at US$ million in 2022 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2029, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period. The influence of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine War were considered while estimating market sizes.
The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2022, While China is to reach $ Million.
5G Compliance Testing Equipment Segment to Reach $ Million by 2029, with a % CAGR in next six years.
The global key manufacturers of 5G Compliance Testing include UL, SGS Group, Bureau Veritas, Intertek, Keysight, Anritsu, VIAVI Solutions, DEKRA SE and Rohde & Schwarz, etc. in 2022, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.
We has surveyed the 5G Compliance Testing companies, and industry experts on this industry, involving the revenue, demand, product type, recent developments and plans, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.
Total Market by Segment:
Global 5G Compliance Testing Market, by Type, 2018-2023, 2024-2030 ($ millions)
Global 5G Compliance Testing Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2022 (%)
5G Compliance Testing Equipment
5G Compliance Testing Software
Global 5G Compliance Testing Market, by Application, 2018-2023, 2024-2030 ($ millions)
Global 5G Compliance Testing Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2022 (%)
Automotive
Industrial
Electronics
Household appliances
Medical
Others
Global 5G Compliance Testing Market, By Region and Country, 2018-2023, 2024-2030 ($ Millions)
Global 5G Compliance Testing Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2022 (%)
North America
US
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries
Benelux
Rest of Europe
Asia
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Rest of Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of South America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Israel
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of Middle East & Africa
Competitor Analysis
The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:
Key companies 5G Compliance Testing revenues in global market, 2018-2023 (estimated), ($ millions)
Key companies 5G Compliance Testing revenues share in global market, 2022 (%)
Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:
UL
SGS Group
Bureau Veritas
Intertek
Keysight
Anritsu
VIAVI Solutions
DEKRA SE
Rohde & Schwarz
T?V NORD Group
EXFO
Spirent Communications
Outline of Major Chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduces the definition of 5G Compliance Testing, market overview.
Chapter 2: Global 5G Compliance Testing market size in revenue.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of 5G Compliance Testing company competitive landscape, revenue and market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 6: Sales of 5G Compliance Testing in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space of each country in the world.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: The main points and conclusions of the report.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 5G Compliance Testing Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global 5G Compliance Testing Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global 5G Compliance Testing Overall Market Size
2.1 Global 5G Compliance Testing Market Size: 2022 VS 2030
2.2 Global 5G Compliance Testing Market Size, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2030
2.3 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
2.3.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
2.3.3 Market Restraints
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top 5G Compliance Testing Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global 5G Compliance Testing Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue by Companies
3.4 Top 3 and Top 5 5G Compliance Testing Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.5 Global Companies 5G Compliance Testing Product Type
3.6 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 5G Compliance Testing Players in Global Market
3.6.1 List of Global Tier 1 5G Compliance Testing Companies
3.6.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 5G Compliance Testing Companies
4 Market Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global 5G Compliance Testing Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2030
4.1.2 5G Compliance Testing Equipment
4.1.3 5G Compliance Testing Software
4.2 By Type - Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type - Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, 2024-2030
4.2.3 By Type - Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global 5G Compliance Testing Market Size, 2022 & 2030
5.1.2 Automotive
5.1.3 Industrial
5.1.4 Electronics
5.1.5 Household appliances
5.1.6 Medical
5.1.7 Others
5.2 By Application - Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, 2024-2030
5.2.3 By Application - Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global 5G Compliance Testing Market Size, 2022 & 2030
6.2 By Region - Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, 2024-2030
6.2.3 By Region - Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
6.3 North America
6.3.1 By Country - North America 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, 2018-2030
6.3.2 US 5G Compliance Testing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.3.3 Canada 5G Compliance Testing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.3.4 Mexico 5G Compliance Testing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4 Europe
6.4.1 By Country - Europe 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, 2018-2030
6.4.2 Germany 5G Compliance Testing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.3 France 5G Compliance Testing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.4 U.K. 5G Compliance Testing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.5 Italy 5G Compliance Testing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.6 Russia 5G Compliance Testing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.7 Nordic Countries 5G Compliance Testing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.8 Benelux 5G Compliance Testing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5 Asia
6.5.1 By Region - Asia 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, 2018-2030
6.5.2 China 5G Compliance Testing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.3 Japan 5G Compliance Testing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.4 South Korea 5G Compliance Testing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.5 Southeast Asia 5G Compliance Testing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.6 India 5G Compliance Testing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6 South America
6.6.1 By Country - South America 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, 2018-2030
6.6.2 Brazil 5G Compliance Testing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.3 Argentina 5G Compliance Testing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.7 Middle East & Africa
6.7.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, 2018-2030
6.7.2 Turkey 5G Compliance Testing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.7.3 Israel 5G Compliance Testing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.7.4 Saudi Arabia 5G Compliance Testing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.7.5 UAE 5G Compliance Testing Market Size, 2018-2030
7 5G Compliance Testing Companies Profiles
7.1 UL
7.1.1 UL Company Summary
7.1.2 UL Business Overview
7.1.3 UL 5G Compliance Testing Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 UL 5G Compliance Testing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.1.5 UL Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 SGS Group
7.2.1 SGS Group Company Summary
7.2.2 SGS Group Business Overview
7.2.3 SGS Group 5G Compliance Testing Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 SGS Group 5G Compliance Testing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.2.5 SGS Group Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 Bureau Veritas
7.3.1 Bureau Veritas Company Summary
7.3.2 Bureau Veritas Business Overview
7.3.3 Bureau Veritas 5G Compliance Testing Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Bureau Veritas 5G Compliance Testing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.3.5 Bureau Veritas Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Intertek
7.4.1 Intertek Company Summary
7.4.2 Intertek Business Overview
7.4.3 Intertek 5G Compliance Testing Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Intertek 5G Compliance Testing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Intertek Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 Keysight
7.5.1 Keysight Company Summary
7.5.2 Keysight Business Overview
7.5.3 Keysight 5G Compliance Testing Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Keysight 5G Compliance Testing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.5.5 Keysight Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 Anritsu
7.6.1 Anritsu Company Summary
7.6.2 Anritsu Business Overview
7.6.3 Anritsu 5G Compliance Testing Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Anritsu 5G Compliance Testing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.6.5 Anritsu Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 VIAVI Solutions
7.7.1 VIAVI Solutions Company Summary
7.7.2 VIAVI Solutions Business Overview
7.7.3 VIAVI Solutions 5G Compliance Testing Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 VIAVI Solutions 5G Compliance Testing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.7.5 VIAVI Solutions Key News & Latest Developments
7.8 DEKRA SE
7.8.1 DEKRA SE Company Summary
7.8.2 DEKRA SE Business Overview
7.8.3 DEKRA SE 5G Compliance Testing Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 DEKRA SE 5G Compliance Testing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.8.5 DEKRA SE Key News & Latest Developments
7.9 Rohde & Schwarz
7.9.1 Rohde & Schwarz Company Summary
7.9.2 Rohde & Schwarz Business Overview
7.9.3 Rohde & Schwarz 5G Compliance Testing Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 Rohde & Schwarz 5G Compliance Testing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.9.5 Rohde & Schwarz Key News & Latest Developments
7.10 T?V NORD Group
7.10.1 T?V NORD Group Company Summary
7.10.2 T?V NORD Group Business Overview
7.10.3 T?V NORD Group 5G Compliance Testing Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 T?V NORD Group 5G Compliance Testing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.10.5 T?V NORD Group Key News & Latest Developments
7.11 EXFO
7.11.1 EXFO Company Summary
7.11.2 EXFO Business Overview
7.11.3 EXFO 5G Compliance Testing Major Product Offerings
7.11.4 EXFO 5G Compliance Testing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.11.5 EXFO Key News & Latest Developments
7.12 Spirent Communications
7.12.1 Spirent Communications Company Summary
7.12.2 Spirent Communications Business Overview
7.12.3 Spirent Communications 5G Compliance Testing Major Product Offerings
7.12.4 Spirent Communications 5G Compliance Testing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.12.5 Spirent Communications Key News & Latest Developments
8 Conclusion
9 Appendix
9.1 Note
9.2 Examples of Clients
9.3 Disclaimer
LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES
List of Tables
Table 1. 5G Compliance Testing Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 2. 5G Compliance Testing Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 3. 5G Compliance Testing Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 4. Key Players of 5G Compliance Testing in Global Market
Table 5. Top 5G Compliance Testing Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 6. Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 7. Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 8. Global Companies 5G Compliance Testing Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 5G Compliance Testing Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 5G Compliance Testing Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Table 12. By Type - 5G Compliance Testing Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - 5G Compliance Testing Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 14. By Application ? Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Table 15. By Application - 5G Compliance Testing Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 16. By Application - 5G Compliance Testing Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 17. By Region ? Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Table 18. By Region - Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 19. By Region - Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 20. By Country - North America 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 21. By Country - North America 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 22. By Country - Europe 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Country - Europe 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 24. By Region - Asia 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Asia 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 26. By Country - South America 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - South America 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 28. By Country - Middle East & Africa 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - Middle East & Africa 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 30. UL Company Summary
Table 31. UL 5G Compliance Testing Product Offerings
Table 32. UL 5G Compliance Testing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 33. UL Key News & Latest Developments
Table 34. SGS Group Company Summary
Table 35. SGS Group 5G Compliance Testing Product Offerings
Table 36. SGS Group 5G Compliance Testing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 37. SGS Group Key News & Latest Developments
Table 38. Bureau Veritas Company Summary
Table 39. Bureau Veritas 5G Compliance Testing Product Offerings
Table 40. Bureau Veritas 5G Compliance Testing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 41. Bureau Veritas Key News & Latest Developments
Table 42. Intertek Company Summary
Table 43. Intertek 5G Compliance Testing Product Offerings
Table 44. Intertek 5G Compliance Testing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 45. Intertek Key News & Latest Developments
Table 46. Keysight Company Summary
Table 47. Keysight 5G Compliance Testing Product Offerings
Table 48. Keysight 5G Compliance Testing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 49. Keysight Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Anritsu Company Summary
Table 51. Anritsu 5G Compliance Testing Product Offerings
Table 52. Anritsu 5G Compliance Testing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 53. Anritsu Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. VIAVI Solutions Company Summary
Table 55. VIAVI Solutions 5G Compliance Testing Product Offerings
Table 56. VIAVI Solutions 5G Compliance Testing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 57. VIAVI Solutions Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. DEKRA SE Company Summary
Table 59. DEKRA SE 5G Compliance Testing Product Offerings
Table 60. DEKRA SE 5G Compliance Testing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 61. DEKRA SE Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. Rohde & Schwarz Company Summary
Table 63. Rohde & Schwarz 5G Compliance Testing Product Offerings
Table 64. Rohde & Schwarz 5G Compliance Testing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 65. Rohde & Schwarz Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. T?V NORD Group Company Summary
Table 67. T?V NORD Group 5G Compliance Testing Product Offerings
Table 68. T?V NORD Group 5G Compliance Testing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 69. T?V NORD Group Key News & Latest Developments
Table 70. EXFO Company Summary
Table 71. EXFO 5G Compliance Testing Product Offerings
Table 72. EXFO 5G Compliance Testing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 73. EXFO Key News & Latest Developments
Table 74. Spirent Communications Company Summary
Table 75. Spirent Communications 5G Compliance Testing Product Offerings
Table 76. Spirent Communications 5G Compliance Testing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 77. Spirent Communications Key News & Latest Developments
List of Figures
Figure 1. 5G Compliance Testing Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. 5G Compliance Testing Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global 5G Compliance Testing Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global 5G Compliance Testing Market Size: 2022 VS 2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, 2018-2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by 5G Compliance Testing Revenue in 2022
Figure 8. By Type - Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 9. By Application - Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 10. By Type - Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Figure 11. By Type - Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 12. By Application - Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Figure 13. By Application - Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 14. By Region - Global 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 15. By Country - North America 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 16. US 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 17. Canada 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 18. Mexico 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 19. By Country - Europe 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 20. Germany 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 21. France 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 22. U.K. 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 23. Italy 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 24. Russia 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 25. Nordic Countries 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 26. Benelux 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 27. By Region - Asia 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 28. China 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 29. Japan 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 30. South Korea 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 31. Southeast Asia 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 32. India 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 33. By Country - South America 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 34. Brazil 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 35. Argentina 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 36. By Country - Middle East & Africa 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 37. Turkey 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 38. Israel 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 39. Saudi Arabia 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 40. UAE 5G Compliance Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 41. UL 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 42. SGS Group 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 43. Bureau Veritas 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 44. Intertek 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 45. Keysight 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 46. Anritsu 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 47. VIAVI Solutions 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 48. DEKRA SE 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 49. Rohde & Schwarz 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 50. T?V NORD Group 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 51. EXFO 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 52. Spirent Communications 5G Compliance Testing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
