MARKET INSIGHTS
The global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits market size was valued at USD 1.65 billion in 2024. The market is projected to grow from USD 1.82 billion in 2025 to USD 3.22 billion by 2032, exhibiting a CAGR of 10.3% during the forecast period.
Cardiac point-of-care testing (POC) kits are diagnostic tools designed for rapid assessment of cardiovascular conditions at or near the patient location. These kits primarily analyze biomarkers such as troponin, creatine kinase-MB, and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), which are critical for detecting acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, and other cardiac events. The technology enables healthcare providers to make timely clinical decisions without laboratory delays.
The market growth is driven by increasing cardiovascular disease prevalence - which accounts for nearly 32% of global deaths according to WHO - coupled with rising demand for decentralized diagnostic solutions. Recent technological advancements, including the development of high-sensitivity troponin assays and portable testing devices, are further accelerating adoption. Major players like Abbott and Roche are actively expanding their cardiac POC portfolios, with Abbott's recent launch of the i-STAT Alinity system demonstrating the industry's push toward more accurate and user-friendly testing platforms.
MARKET DYNAMICS
MARKET DRIVERS
Rising Cardiovascular Disease Burden to Accelerate Adoption of Cardiac POC Testing
The global prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has emerged as a critical driver for the cardiac POC testing market. With CVDs accounting for nearly 18 million deaths annually, representing 32% of all global deaths, the demand for rapid diagnostic solutions has intensified. Cardiac POC tests, particularly troponin assays, enable healthcare providers to make time-sensitive clinical decisions for acute coronary syndromes. The immediacy of these tests is particularly valuable in emergency departments where reducing door-to-balloon time significantly improves patient outcomes. Market growth is further propelled by the aging global population, with individuals over 65 being three times more likely to require cardiac care than younger demographics.
Technological Advancements in POC Diagnostics Fuel Market Expansion
Recent innovations in POC technology have revolutionized cardiac biomarker detection, enhancing both accuracy and speed. Modern systems now offer laboratory-quality results within 15-20 minutes while requiring minimal operator training. Multiplex testing platforms capable of simultaneously measuring troponin, BNP, and D-dimer have gained significant traction, with adoption rates increasing by 28% in hospital settings over the past three years. Portable devices with connectivity features enabling EHR integration are becoming standard, addressing the critical need for seamless data management in fast-paced clinical environments.
The shift toward decentralized testing models in both developed and emerging markets provides additional momentum. Ambulatory care centers and retail clinics are increasingly incorporating cardiac POC solutions to expand their service offerings. This trend aligns with broader healthcare system goals to reduce hospital readmissions and optimize resource allocation through early intervention strategies.
MARKET RESTRAINTS
Regulatory Hurdles and Reimbursement Challenges Constrain Market Penetration
While the cardiac POC testing market shows robust growth potential, regulatory complexities present substantial barriers. The average approval timeline for new cardiac POC devices exceeds 18 months in major markets, creating bottlenecks for manufacturers. Reimbursement policies often lag behind technological advancements, with approximately 40% of novel POC tests facing coverage limitations in their first year of commercialization. Physicians frequently cite variability in payer policies as a primary factor limiting broader adoption of advanced cardiac testing solutions.
Quality control requirements further compound these challenges. CLIA-waived tests dominate the POC landscape due to their simplicity, but more sophisticated cardiac panels often require moderate complexity certification. This classification imposes additional staffing and training requirements that many outpatient facilities find prohibitive. The resulting preference for traditional lab testing in many settings slows the transition to decentralized cardiac diagnostics despite its clinical advantages.
MARKET OPPORTUNITIES
Emerging Markets Present Untapped Growth Potential for Cardiac POC Solutions
Developing regions offer substantial expansion opportunities as healthcare infrastructure improvements and rising CVD awareness converge. The Asia-Pacific cardiac POC market is projected to grow at a 14.7% CAGR through 2032, nearly 40% faster than the global average. Government initiatives in countries like India and China to establish cardiac care networks are driving demand for affordable, rapid diagnostic tools. Local manufacturers are responding with competitively priced alternatives that maintain diagnostic accuracy while addressing cost sensitivity.
The home testing segment represents another high-growth avenue, particularly for monitoring chronic heart failure patients. Recent technological breakthroughs have yielded FDA-cleared BNP home tests with 95% concordance to laboratory results. As remote patient monitoring gains acceptance, this application could capture 15-20% of the total cardiac POC market within five years. Strategic partnerships between device manufacturers and telehealth providers are accelerating this transition by creating integrated care ecosystems.
MARKET CHALLENGES
Analytical Limitations and False Positives Pose Clinical Adoption Barriers
Despite technological progress, cardiac POC tests still face analytical challenges that impact clinical utility. Current generation troponin assays demonstrate 85-90% sensitivity for acute myocardial infarction, leaving room for improvement compared to central lab methodologies. False positive rates approaching 8-12% in some POC platforms create diagnostic uncertainty, particularly in patients with comorbidities like renal impairment. These limitations contribute to ongoing physician hesitation, with nearly 30% of emergency clinicians reporting they routinely confirm POC cardiac marker results with laboratory testing.
Device interoperability presents another persistent challenge. The lack of universal standards for connectivity and data formats complicates integration with diverse hospital information systems. This fragmentation forces healthcare providers to maintain parallel workflows, undermining the efficiency gains that POC testing promises. Manufacturers face mounting pressure to develop solutions that seamlessly interface with existing clinical architecture while meeting increasingly stringent cybersecurity requirements.
Segment Analysis:
By Type
Cardiac Troponin Test Dominates Due to Critical Role in Myocardial Infarction Diagnosis
The market is segmented based on type into:
By Application
Hospitals Segment Leads Owing to High Patient Inflow for Cardiac Emergencies
The market is segmented based on application into:
-
Hospitals
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Specialty Clinics
-
Others
By Technology
Immunoassays Remain Preferred Technology for Rapid Cardiac Biomarker Detection
The market is segmented based on technology into:
-
Immunoassays
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Electrochemical analysis
-
Molecular diagnostics
By End User
Emergency Care Units Show Highest Adoption Due to Time-Critical Diagnostics Needs
The market is segmented based on end user into:
COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
Key Industry Players
Innovation and Strategic Partnerships Drive Market Leadership in Cardiac POC Testing
The global cardiac point-of-care (POC) testing kits market features a highly competitive landscape dominated by multinational diagnostic companies and specialized medical device manufacturers. The market remains semi-consolidated, with consistent technological developments driving competition among market leaders. Abbott Laboratories holds a 19.2% market share in 2024, leveraging its robust cardiac biomarker portfolio, particularly its ARCHITECT STAT high-sensitivity troponin-I test.
Roche Diagnostics follows closely, accounting for 17.8% of global revenues, thanks to its cobas h 232 POC system that delivers lab-quality cardiac troponin results in just 12 minutes. The company's widespread hospital network across Europe and North America strengthens its competitive position. Meanwhile, Siemens Healthineers gains traction through its Atellica VTLi patient-side immunoassay analyzer.
These key players continue expanding their market presence through strategic product launches and acquisitions, as seen in Abbott's acquisition of Alere in 2017 which significantly strengthened its POC diagnostics capabilities. Furthermore, companies are increasingly focusing on developing multiplex testing platforms that combine cardiac, metabolic, and inflammatory markers to address the growing demand for comprehensive diagnostic solutions.
Medium-sized competitors like QuidelOrtho (formed through the Quidel-Ortho Clinical Diagnostics merger) and bioMérieux are emerging as significant challengers by introducing novel assay chemistries and compact testing systems. These companies are capitalizing on technology partnerships with digital health firms to integrate test results with electronic health records.
List of Key Cardiac POC Testing Companies Profiled
CARDIAC POINT OF CARE TESTING KITS MARKET TRENDS
Rising Prevalence of Cardiovascular Diseases Drives Market Expansion
The global Cardiac Point of Care Testing (POCT) Kits market is witnessing substantial growth, primarily due to the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) worldwide. With over 17.9 million annual deaths attributed to CVDs, these conditions remain the leading cause of mortality globally. Cardiac POCT kits, particularly those measuring troponin levels, have become indispensable in emergency settings for rapid diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. The market is further propelled by the aging population, with individuals over 65 being 3x more likely to require cardiac testing than younger demographics. Recent advancements in biosensor technology have improved test sensitivity, enabling detection of cardiac biomarkers at significantly lower concentrations compared to traditional lab tests.
Other Trends
Technological Advancements in Rapid Testing
Innovation in microfluidics and nanotechnology has revolutionized cardiac POCT devices, reducing testing time from hours to minutes. Modern systems now deliver lab-comparable results in under 15 minutes, with some troponin tests achieving clinical accuracy in as little as 4 minutes. The integration of wireless connectivity allows real-time data transmission to electronic health records, enhancing clinical decision-making. Furthermore, the development of multiplex testing platforms enables simultaneous measurement of multiple cardiac biomarkers, improving diagnostic precision while reducing healthcare costs.
Decentralization of Healthcare Services
The shift toward decentralized healthcare is significantly impacting the cardiac POCT market. Clinics and ambulatory care centers now account for 38% of market utilization, as these settings demand rapid diagnostic solutions without sophisticated laboratory infrastructure. This trend is particularly pronounced in rural areas with limited access to central labs, where portable cardiac testing devices have become vital. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated adoption in non-traditional settings, including pharmacies and workplace screening programs, creating new growth avenues for market players.
Regional Analysis: Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market
North America
The North American cardiac POC testing kits market is driven by high healthcare expenditure, advanced diagnostic infrastructure, and a growing burden of cardiovascular diseases. The U.S. alone accounts for nearly 40% of the global market share, according to recent industry reports. Strict regulatory oversight by the FDA ensures high adoption of clinically validated technologies, with major players like Abbott and Roche leading innovation. Telemedicine integration and decentralized testing models in rural areas are expanding accessibility, though reimbursement policies remain a challenge for widespread adoption. The region benefits from significant R&D investments in biomarkers like high-sensitivity troponin assays, which enhance early cardiac event detection.
Europe
Europe’s market growth is propelled by universal healthcare systems, aging populations, and standardized guidelines for cardiac diagnostics under the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Germany and the U.K. dominate demand, leveraging policies promoting preventive care. The EU’s IVDR (In Vitro Diagnostic Regulation) framework ensures stringent quality controls, accelerating the shift toward automated POC solutions. However, budget constraints in Southern and Eastern Europe slow adoption rates. Notably, partnerships between hospitals and diagnostic companies—such as Siemens Healthineers’ collaborations—are optimizing workflow efficiency in emergency departments for rapid troponin testing.
Asia-Pacific
Asia-Pacific is the fastest-growing region, with a projected CAGR exceeding 12%, fueled by rising CVD prevalence, urbanization, and improving healthcare access. China and India represent key growth engines, driven by government initiatives to modernize rural healthcare infrastructure. Cost-effective POC solutions dominate due to price sensitivity, though premium products gain traction in Japan and South Korea’s advanced markets. Local manufacturers like AccuBioTech are expanding production capacities to meet demand, while multinationals face competition from region-specific test kits tailored for Asian demographics. Challenges include fragmented reimbursement systems and uneven regulatory harmonization.
South America
Market expansion in South America is uneven, with Brazil and Argentina accounting for over 60% of regional revenue. Economic volatility limits hospital budgets, but increasing outpatient cardiac care models create demand for portable testing devices. Public health programs targeting hypertension and diabetes indirectly boost POC kit utilization. Regulatory hurdles and reliance on imports delay market penetration for advanced technologies, though localized manufacturing partnerships are emerging. The lack of standardized training for POC operators remains a barrier to accuracy and adoption in remote areas.
Middle East & Africa
The MEA market is nascent but exhibits potential, with GCC countries like Saudi Arabia and the UAE investing heavily in cardiac care infrastructure. High CVD mortality rates and medical tourism drive demand for rapid diagnostics. South Africa leads in sub-Saharan Africa, though low physician-to-patient ratios and underfunded public health systems hinder growth. International aid programs and NGO collaborations are introducing POC kits in underserved regions, but scalability depends on sustainable funding and temperature-stable product innovations for tropical climates. The rise of compact, connectivity-enabled devices aligns with digital health strategies in urban hubs.
Report Scope
This market research report offers a holistic overview of global and regional markets for the forecast period 2025–2032. It presents accurate and actionable insights based on a blend of primary and secondary research.
Key Coverage Areas:
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS:
What is the current market size of Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market?
-> Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits market was valued at USD 1,650 million in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 3,224 million by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 10.3% during the forecast period.
Which key companies operate in Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market?
-> Key players include Abbott, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, BD, Siemens Healthcare, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Danaher, and Quidel Corporation, among others.
What are the key growth drivers?
-> Key growth drivers include rising cardiovascular disease prevalence, increasing demand for rapid diagnostics, and technological advancements in POC testing.
Which region dominates the market?
-> North America holds the largest market share, while Asia-Pacific is expected to witness the highest growth rate.
What are the emerging trends?
-> Emerging trends include development of multi-marker panels, integration of AI for test interpretation, and miniaturization of testing devices.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Segment by Type
1.2.2 Segment by Application
1.3 Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size: 2024 VS 2032
2.2 Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size, Prospects & Forecasts: 2020-2032
2.3 Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales: 2020-2032
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Price by Manufacturer (2020-2025)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2024
3.7 Global Manufacturers Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3 Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 Segment by Type - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size Markets, 2024 & 2032
4.1.2 Cardiac Markers Test
4.1.3 Cardiac troponin Test
4.1.4 Myoglobin test
4.1.5 Creatine kinase MB isoenzyme Test
4.1.6 Brain natriuretic peptide Test
4.1.7 Other
4.2 Segment by Type - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 Segment by Type - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, 2020-2025
4.2.2 Segment by Type - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, 2026-2032
4.2.3 Segment by Type - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue Market Share, 2020-2032
4.3 Segment by Type - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 Segment by Type - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, 2020-2025
4.3.2 Segment by Type - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, 2026-2032
4.3.3 Segment by Type - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales Market Share, 2020-2032
4.4 Segment by Type - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2020-2032
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 Segment by Application - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size, 2024 & 2032
5.1.2 Hospitals
5.1.3 Specialty Clinics
5.1.4 Other
5.2 Segment by Application - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 Segment by Application - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, 2020-2025
5.2.2 Segment by Application - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, 2026-2032
5.2.3 Segment by Application - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue Market Share, 2020-2032
5.3 Segment by Application - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 Segment by Application - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, 2020-2025
5.3.2 Segment by Application - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, 2026-2032
5.3.3 Segment by Application - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales Market Share, 2020-2032
5.4 Segment by Application - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2020-2032
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size, 2024 & 2032
6.2 By Region - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, 2020-2025
6.2.2 By Region - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, 2026-2032
6.2.3 By Region - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue Market Share, 2020-2032
6.3 By Region - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, 2020-2025
6.3.2 By Region - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, 2026-2032
6.3.3 By Region - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales Market Share, 2020-2032
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, 2020-2032
6.4.2 By Country - North America Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, 2020-2032
6.4.3 United States Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size, 2020-2032
6.4.4 Canada Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size, 2020-2032
6.4.5 Mexico Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size, 2020-2032
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, 2020-2032
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, 2020-2032
6.5.3 Germany Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size, 2020-2032
6.5.4 France Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size, 2020-2032
6.5.5 U.K. Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size, 2020-2032
6.5.6 Italy Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size, 2020-2032
6.5.7 Russia Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size, 2020-2032
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size, 2020-2032
6.5.9 Benelux Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size, 2020-2032
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, 2020-2032
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, 2020-2032
6.6.3 China Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size, 2020-2032
6.6.4 Japan Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size, 2020-2032
6.6.5 South Korea Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size, 2020-2032
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size, 2020-2032
6.6.7 India Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size, 2020-2032
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, 2020-2032
6.7.2 By Country - South America Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, 2020-2032
6.7.3 Brazil Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size, 2020-2032
6.7.4 Argentina Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size, 2020-2032
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, 2020-2032
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, 2020-2032
6.8.3 Turkey Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size, 2020-2032
6.8.4 Israel Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size, 2020-2032
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size, 2020-2032
6.8.6 UAE Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size, 2020-2032
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Abbott
7.1.1 Abbott Company Summary
7.1.2 Abbott Business Overview
7.1.3 Abbott Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Abbott Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales and Revenue in Global (2020-2025)
7.1.5 Abbott Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd
7.2.1 F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd Company Summary
7.2.2 F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd Business Overview
7.2.3 F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales and Revenue in Global (2020-2025)
7.2.5 F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 BD
7.3.1 BD Company Summary
7.3.2 BD Business Overview
7.3.3 BD Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 BD Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales and Revenue in Global (2020-2025)
7.3.5 BD Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Siemens Healthcare Private Limited
7.4.1 Siemens Healthcare Private Limited Company Summary
7.4.2 Siemens Healthcare Private Limited Business Overview
7.4.3 Siemens Healthcare Private Limited Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Siemens Healthcare Private Limited Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales and Revenue in Global (2020-2025)
7.4.5 Siemens Healthcare Private Limited Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc
7.5.1 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc Company Summary
7.5.2 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc Business Overview
7.5.3 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales and Revenue in Global (2020-2025)
7.5.5 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 Danaher
7.6.1 Danaher Company Summary
7.6.2 Danaher Business Overview
7.6.3 Danaher Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Danaher Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales and Revenue in Global (2020-2025)
7.6.5 Danaher Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 Sekisui Diagnostics
7.7.1 Sekisui Diagnostics Company Summary
7.7.2 Sekisui Diagnostics Business Overview
7.7.3 Sekisui Diagnostics Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Sekisui Diagnostics Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales and Revenue in Global (2020-2025)
7.7.5 Sekisui Diagnostics Key News & Latest Developments
7.8 Trinity Biotech
7.8.1 Trinity Biotech Company Summary
7.8.2 Trinity Biotech Business Overview
7.8.3 Trinity Biotech Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 Trinity Biotech Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales and Revenue in Global (2020-2025)
7.8.5 Trinity Biotech Key News & Latest Developments
7.9 BIOM�RIEUX
7.9.1 BIOM�RIEUX Company Summary
7.9.2 BIOM�RIEUX Business Overview
7.9.3 BIOM�RIEUX Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 BIOM�RIEUX Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales and Revenue in Global (2020-2025)
7.9.5 BIOM�RIEUX Key News & Latest Developments
7.10 EKF Diagnostics
7.10.1 EKF Diagnostics Company Summary
7.10.2 EKF Diagnostics Business Overview
7.10.3 EKF Diagnostics Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 EKF Diagnostics Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales and Revenue in Global (2020-2025)
7.10.5 EKF Diagnostics Key News & Latest Developments
7.11 Instrumentation Laboratory
7.11.1 Instrumentation Laboratory Company Summary
7.11.2 Instrumentation Laboratory Business Overview
7.11.3 Instrumentation Laboratory Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Major Product Offerings
7.11.4 Instrumentation Laboratory Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales and Revenue in Global (2020-2025)
7.11.5 Instrumentation Laboratory Key News & Latest Developments
7.12 Beckman Coulter, Inc
7.12.1 Beckman Coulter, Inc Company Summary
7.12.2 Beckman Coulter, Inc Business Overview
7.12.3 Beckman Coulter, Inc Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Major Product Offerings
7.12.4 Beckman Coulter, Inc Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales and Revenue in Global (2020-2025)
7.12.5 Beckman Coulter, Inc Key News & Latest Developments
7.13 PTS Diagnostics
7.13.1 PTS Diagnostics Company Summary
7.13.2 PTS Diagnostics Business Overview
7.13.3 PTS Diagnostics Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Major Product Offerings
7.13.4 PTS Diagnostics Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales and Revenue in Global (2020-2025)
7.13.5 PTS Diagnostics Key News & Latest Developments
7.14 Nova Biomedical
7.14.1 Nova Biomedical Company Summary
7.14.2 Nova Biomedical Business Overview
7.14.3 Nova Biomedical Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Major Product Offerings
7.14.4 Nova Biomedical Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales and Revenue in Global (2020-2025)
7.14.5 Nova Biomedical Key News & Latest Developments
7.15 Chembio Diagnostics, Inc
7.15.1 Chembio Diagnostics, Inc Company Summary
7.15.2 Chembio Diagnostics, Inc Business Overview
7.15.3 Chembio Diagnostics, Inc Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Major Product Offerings
7.15.4 Chembio Diagnostics, Inc Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales and Revenue in Global (2020-2025)
7.15.5 Chembio Diagnostics, Inc Key News & Latest Developments
7.16 Quidel Corporation
7.16.1 Quidel Corporation Company Summary
7.16.2 Quidel Corporation Business Overview
7.16.3 Quidel Corporation Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Major Product Offerings
7.16.4 Quidel Corporation Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales and Revenue in Global (2020-2025)
7.16.5 Quidel Corporation Key News & Latest Developments
7.17 Sienco, Inc
7.17.1 Sienco, Inc Company Summary
7.17.2 Sienco, Inc Business Overview
7.17.3 Sienco, Inc Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Major Product Offerings
7.17.4 Sienco, Inc Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales and Revenue in Global (2020-2025)
7.17.5 Sienco, Inc Key News & Latest Developments
7.18 AccuBioTech Co., Ltd
7.18.1 AccuBioTech Co., Ltd Company Summary
7.18.2 AccuBioTech Co., Ltd Business Overview
7.18.3 AccuBioTech Co., Ltd Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Major Product Offerings
7.18.4 AccuBioTech Co., Ltd Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales and Revenue in Global (2020-2025)
7.18.5 AccuBioTech Co., Ltd Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Production Capacity, 2020-2032
8.2 Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Industry Value Chain
10.2 Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Upstream Market
10.3 Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits in Global Market
Table 2. Top Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2024)
Table 3. Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2020-2025
Table 4. Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue Share by Companies, 2020-2025
Table 5. Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2020-2025
Table 6. Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales Share by Companies, 2020-2025
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Price (2020-2025) & (US$/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2024 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2024 and Market Share
Table 11. Segment by Type � Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024 & 2032
Table 12. Segment by Type - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue (US$, Mn), 2020-2025
Table 13. Segment by Type - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue (US$, Mn), 2026-2032
Table 14. Segment by Type - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales (K Units), 2020-2025
Table 15. Segment by Type - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales (K Units), 2026-2032
Table 16. Segment by Application � Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024 & 2032
Table 17. Segment by Application - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2025
Table 18. Segment by Application - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2026-2032
Table 19. Segment by Application - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, (K Units), 2020-2025
Table 20. Segment by Application - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, (K Units), 2026-2032
Table 21. By Region � Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2032
Table 22. By Region - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2025
Table 23. By Region - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2026-2032
Table 24. By Region - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, (K Units), 2020-2025
Table 25. By Region - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, (K Units), 2026-2032
Table 26. By Country - North America Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2025
Table 27. By Country - North America Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2026-2032
Table 28. By Country - North America Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, (K Units), 2020-2025
Table 29. By Country - North America Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, (K Units), 2026-2032
Table 30. By Country - Europe Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2025
Table 31. By Country - Europe Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2026-2032
Table 32. By Country - Europe Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, (K Units), 2020-2025
Table 33. By Country - Europe Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, (K Units), 2026-2032
Table 34. By Region - Asia Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2025
Table 35. By Region - Asia Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2026-2032
Table 36. By Region - Asia Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, (K Units), 2020-2025
Table 37. By Region - Asia Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, (K Units), 2026-2032
Table 38. By Country - South America Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2025
Table 39. By Country - South America Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2026-2032
Table 40. By Country - South America Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, (K Units), 2020-2025
Table 41. By Country - South America Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, (K Units), 2026-2032
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2025
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2026-2032
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, (K Units), 2020-2025
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, (K Units), 2026-2032
Table 46. Abbott Company Summary
Table 47. Abbott Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Product Offerings
Table 48. Abbott Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 49. Abbott Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd Company Summary
Table 51. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Product Offerings
Table 52. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 53. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. BD Company Summary
Table 55. BD Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Product Offerings
Table 56. BD Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 57. BD Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. Siemens Healthcare Private Limited Company Summary
Table 59. Siemens Healthcare Private Limited Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Product Offerings
Table 60. Siemens Healthcare Private Limited Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 61. Siemens Healthcare Private Limited Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc Company Summary
Table 63. Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Product Offerings
Table 64. Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 65. Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. Danaher Company Summary
Table 67. Danaher Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Product Offerings
Table 68. Danaher Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 69. Danaher Key News & Latest Developments
Table 70. Sekisui Diagnostics Company Summary
Table 71. Sekisui Diagnostics Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Product Offerings
Table 72. Sekisui Diagnostics Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 73. Sekisui Diagnostics Key News & Latest Developments
Table 74. Trinity Biotech Company Summary
Table 75. Trinity Biotech Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Product Offerings
Table 76. Trinity Biotech Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 77. Trinity Biotech Key News & Latest Developments
Table 78. BIOM�RIEUX Company Summary
Table 79. BIOM�RIEUX Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Product Offerings
Table 80. BIOM�RIEUX Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 81. BIOM�RIEUX Key News & Latest Developments
Table 82. EKF Diagnostics Company Summary
Table 83. EKF Diagnostics Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Product Offerings
Table 84. EKF Diagnostics Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 85. EKF Diagnostics Key News & Latest Developments
Table 86. Instrumentation Laboratory Company Summary
Table 87. Instrumentation Laboratory Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Product Offerings
Table 88. Instrumentation Laboratory Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 89. Instrumentation Laboratory Key News & Latest Developments
Table 90. Beckman Coulter, Inc Company Summary
Table 91. Beckman Coulter, Inc Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Product Offerings
Table 92. Beckman Coulter, Inc Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 93. Beckman Coulter, Inc Key News & Latest Developments
Table 94. PTS Diagnostics Company Summary
Table 95. PTS Diagnostics Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Product Offerings
Table 96. PTS Diagnostics Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 97. PTS Diagnostics Key News & Latest Developments
Table 98. Nova Biomedical Company Summary
Table 99. Nova Biomedical Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Product Offerings
Table 100. Nova Biomedical Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 101. Nova Biomedical Key News & Latest Developments
Table 102. Chembio Diagnostics, Inc Company Summary
Table 103. Chembio Diagnostics, Inc Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Product Offerings
Table 104. Chembio Diagnostics, Inc Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 105. Chembio Diagnostics, Inc Key News & Latest Developments
Table 106. Quidel Corporation Company Summary
Table 107. Quidel Corporation Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Product Offerings
Table 108. Quidel Corporation Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 109. Quidel Corporation Key News & Latest Developments
Table 110. Sienco, Inc Company Summary
Table 111. Sienco, Inc Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Product Offerings
Table 112. Sienco, Inc Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 113. Sienco, Inc Key News & Latest Developments
Table 114. AccuBioTech Co., Ltd Company Summary
Table 115. AccuBioTech Co., Ltd Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Product Offerings
Table 116. AccuBioTech Co., Ltd Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 117. AccuBioTech Co., Ltd Key News & Latest Developments
Table 118. Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2023-2025 (K Units)
Table 119. Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2023-2025
Table 120. Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Production by Region, 2020-2025 (K Units)
Table 121. Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Production by Region, 2026-2032 (K Units)
Table 122. Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 123. Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 124. Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 125. Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Raw Materials
Table 126. Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 127. Typical Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Downstream
Table 128. Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 129. Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Product Picture
Figure 2. Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Segment by Type in 2024
Figure 3. Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Segment by Application in 2024
Figure 4. Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Overview: 2024
Figure 5. Key Caveats
Figure 6. Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Market Size: 2024 VS 2032 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue: 2020-2032 (US$, Mn)
Figure 8. Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales in Global Market: 2020-2032 (K Units)
Figure 9. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue in 2024
Figure 10. Segment by Type � Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024 & 2032
Figure 11. Segment by Type - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue Market Share, 2020-2032
Figure 12. Segment by Type - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales Market Share, 2020-2032
Figure 13. Segment by Type - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Price (US$/Unit), 2020-2032
Figure 14. Segment by Application � Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024 & 2032
Figure 15. Segment by Application - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue Market Share, 2020-2032
Figure 16. Segment by Application - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales Market Share, 2020-2032
Figure 17. Segment by Application -Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Price (US$/Unit), 2020-2032
Figure 18. By Region � Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025 & 2032
Figure 19. By Region - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue Market Share, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2032
Figure 20. By Region - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue Market Share, 2020-2032
Figure 21. By Region - Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales Market Share, 2020-2032
Figure 22. By Country - North America Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue Market Share, 2020-2032
Figure 23. By Country - North America Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales Market Share, 2020-2032
Figure 24. United States Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2032
Figure 25. Canada Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2032
Figure 26. Mexico Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2032
Figure 27. By Country - Europe Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue Market Share, 2020-2032
Figure 28. By Country - Europe Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales Market Share, 2020-2032
Figure 29. Germany Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2032
Figure 30. France Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2032
Figure 31. U.K. Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2032
Figure 32. Italy Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2032
Figure 33. Russia Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2032
Figure 34. Nordic Countries Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2032
Figure 35. Benelux Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2032
Figure 36. By Region - Asia Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue Market Share, 2020-2032
Figure 37. By Region - Asia Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales Market Share, 2020-2032
Figure 38. China Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2032
Figure 39. Japan Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2032
Figure 40. South Korea Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2032
Figure 41. Southeast Asia Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2032
Figure 42. India Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2032
Figure 43. By Country - South America Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue Market Share, 2020-2032
Figure 44. By Country - South America Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, Market Share, 2020-2032
Figure 45. Brazil Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2032
Figure 46. Argentina Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2032
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, Market Share, 2020-2032
Figure 48. By Country - Middle East & Africa Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Sales, Market Share, 2020-2032
Figure 49. Turkey Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2032
Figure 50. Israel Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2032
Figure 51. Saudi Arabia Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2032
Figure 52. UAE Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2020-2032
Figure 53. Global Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Production Capacity (K Units), 2020-2032
Figure 54. The Percentage of Production Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits by Region, 2024 VS 2032
Figure 55. Cardiac Point of Care Testing Kits Industry Value Chain
Figure 56. Marketing Channels
