An autonomous driving proving ground is a test track for self-driving cars. It is meant to test the automotive engineering bit as well as the brain or the AI software in the car.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Automated Driving Proving Grounds, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Automated Driving Proving Grounds. This report contains market size and forecasts of Automated Driving Proving Grounds in global, including the following market information:
Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Revenue, 2018-2023, 2024-2029, ($ millions)
Global top five companies in 2022 (%)
The global Automated Driving Proving Grounds market was valued at US$ million in 2022 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2029, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period. The influence of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine War were considered while estimating market sizes.
The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2022, While China is to reach $ Million.
Track Test Segment to Reach $ Million by 2029, with a % CAGR in next six years.
The global key manufacturers of Automated Driving Proving Grounds include AVPG, DEKRA, DigiTrans GmbH, AVL ZalaZONE, HORIBA MIRA, U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, San Diego Association of Governments and North Carolina Turnpike Authority, etc. in 2022, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.
We surveyed the Automated Driving Proving Grounds companies, and industry experts on this industry, involving the revenue, demand, product type, recent developments and plans, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.
Total Market by Segment:
Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market, by Type, 2018-2023, 2024-2029 ($ millions)
Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2022 (%)
Track Test
Logistics Services
Technical Labor
Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market, by Application, 2018-2023, 2024-2029 ($ millions)
Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2022 (%)
Passenger Car
Commercial Car
Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market, By Region and Country, 2018-2023, 2024-2029 ($ Millions)
Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2022 (%)
North America
US
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries
Benelux
Rest of Europe
Asia
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Rest of Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of South America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Israel
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of Middle East & Africa
Competitor Analysis
The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:
Key companies Automated Driving Proving Grounds revenues in global market, 2018-2023 (estimated), ($ millions)
Key companies Automated Driving Proving Grounds revenues share in global market, 2022 (%)
Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:
AVPG
DEKRA
DigiTrans GmbH
AVL ZalaZONE
HORIBA MIRA
U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center
University of Wisconsin-Madison
San Diego Association of Governments
North Carolina Turnpike Authority
Outline of Major Chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduces the definition of Automated Driving Proving Grounds, market overview.
Chapter 2: Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds market size in revenue.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Automated Driving Proving Grounds company competitive landscape, revenue and market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 6: Sales of Automated Driving Proving Grounds in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space of each country in the world.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: The main points and conclusions of the report.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size: 2022 VS 2029
2.2 Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2029
2.3 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
2.3.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
2.3.3 Market Restraints
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Automated Driving Proving Grounds Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue by Companies
3.4 Top 3 and Top 5 Automated Driving Proving Grounds Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.5 Global Companies Automated Driving Proving Grounds Product Type
3.6 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Automated Driving Proving Grounds Players in Global Market
3.6.1 List of Global Tier 1 Automated Driving Proving Grounds Companies
3.6.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Automated Driving Proving Grounds Companies
4 Market Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2029
4.1.2 Track Test
4.1.3 Logistics Services
4.1.4 Technical Labor
4.2 By Type - Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type - Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, 2024-2029
4.2.3 By Type - Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size, 2022 & 2029
5.1.2 Passenger Car
5.1.3 Commercial Car
5.2 By Application - Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, 2024-2029
5.2.3 By Application - Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size, 2022 & 2029
6.2 By Region - Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, 2024-2029
6.2.3 By Region - Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
6.3 North America
6.3.1 By Country - North America Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, 2018-2029
6.3.2 US Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size, 2018-2029
6.3.3 Canada Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size, 2018-2029
6.3.4 Mexico Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4 Europe
6.4.1 By Country - Europe Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, 2018-2029
6.4.2 Germany Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.3 France Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.4 U.K. Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.5 Italy Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.6 Russia Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.7 Nordic Countries Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.8 Benelux Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5 Asia
6.5.1 By Region - Asia Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, 2018-2029
6.5.2 China Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.3 Japan Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.4 South Korea Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.5 Southeast Asia Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.6 India Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6 South America
6.6.1 By Country - South America Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, 2018-2029
6.6.2 Brazil Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.3 Argentina Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7 Middle East & Africa
6.7.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, 2018-2029
6.7.2 Turkey Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7.3 Israel Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7.4 Saudi Arabia Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7.5 UAE Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size, 2018-2029
7 Automated Driving Proving Grounds Companies Profiles
7.1 AVPG
7.1.1 AVPG Company Summary
7.1.2 AVPG Business Overview
7.1.3 AVPG Automated Driving Proving Grounds Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 AVPG Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.1.5 AVPG Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 DEKRA
7.2.1 DEKRA Company Summary
7.2.2 DEKRA Business Overview
7.2.3 DEKRA Automated Driving Proving Grounds Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 DEKRA Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.2.5 DEKRA Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 DigiTrans GmbH
7.3.1 DigiTrans GmbH Company Summary
7.3.2 DigiTrans GmbH Business Overview
7.3.3 DigiTrans GmbH Automated Driving Proving Grounds Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 DigiTrans GmbH Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.3.5 DigiTrans GmbH Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 AVL ZalaZONE
7.4.1 AVL ZalaZONE Company Summary
7.4.2 AVL ZalaZONE Business Overview
7.4.3 AVL ZalaZONE Automated Driving Proving Grounds Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 AVL ZalaZONE Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.4.5 AVL ZalaZONE Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 HORIBA MIRA
7.5.1 HORIBA MIRA Company Summary
7.5.2 HORIBA MIRA Business Overview
7.5.3 HORIBA MIRA Automated Driving Proving Grounds Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 HORIBA MIRA Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.5.5 HORIBA MIRA Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center
7.6.1 U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center Company Summary
7.6.2 U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center Business Overview
7.6.3 U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center Automated Driving Proving Grounds Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.6.5 U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 University of Wisconsin-Madison
7.7.1 University of Wisconsin-Madison Company Summary
7.7.2 University of Wisconsin-Madison Business Overview
7.7.3 University of Wisconsin-Madison Automated Driving Proving Grounds Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 University of Wisconsin-Madison Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.7.5 University of Wisconsin-Madison Key News & Latest Developments
7.8 San Diego Association of Governments
7.8.1 San Diego Association of Governments Company Summary
7.8.2 San Diego Association of Governments Business Overview
7.8.3 San Diego Association of Governments Automated Driving Proving Grounds Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 San Diego Association of Governments Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.8.5 San Diego Association of Governments Key News & Latest Developments
7.9 North Carolina Turnpike Authority
7.9.1 North Carolina Turnpike Authority Company Summary
7.9.2 North Carolina Turnpike Authority Business Overview
7.9.3 North Carolina Turnpike Authority Automated Driving Proving Grounds Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 North Carolina Turnpike Authority Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.9.5 North Carolina Turnpike Authority Key News & Latest Developments
8 Conclusion
9 Appendix
9.1 Note
9.2 Examples of Clients
9.3 Disclaimer
LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES
List of Tables
Table 1. Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 2. Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 3. Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 4. Key Players of Automated Driving Proving Grounds in Global Market
Table 5. Top Automated Driving Proving Grounds Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 6. Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 7. Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 8. Global Companies Automated Driving Proving Grounds Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Automated Driving Proving Grounds Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Automated Driving Proving Grounds Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 12. By Type - Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 14. By Application ? Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 15. By Application - Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 16. By Application - Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 17. By Region ? Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 18. By Region - Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 19. By Region - Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 20. By Country - North America Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 21. By Country - North America Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 22. By Country - Europe Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Country - Europe Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 24. By Region - Asia Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Asia Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 26. By Country - South America Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - South America Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 28. By Country - Middle East & Africa Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - Middle East & Africa Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 30. AVPG Company Summary
Table 31. AVPG Automated Driving Proving Grounds Product Offerings
Table 32. AVPG Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 33. AVPG Key News & Latest Developments
Table 34. DEKRA Company Summary
Table 35. DEKRA Automated Driving Proving Grounds Product Offerings
Table 36. DEKRA Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 37. DEKRA Key News & Latest Developments
Table 38. DigiTrans GmbH Company Summary
Table 39. DigiTrans GmbH Automated Driving Proving Grounds Product Offerings
Table 40. DigiTrans GmbH Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 41. DigiTrans GmbH Key News & Latest Developments
Table 42. AVL ZalaZONE Company Summary
Table 43. AVL ZalaZONE Automated Driving Proving Grounds Product Offerings
Table 44. AVL ZalaZONE Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 45. AVL ZalaZONE Key News & Latest Developments
Table 46. HORIBA MIRA Company Summary
Table 47. HORIBA MIRA Automated Driving Proving Grounds Product Offerings
Table 48. HORIBA MIRA Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 49. HORIBA MIRA Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center Company Summary
Table 51. U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center Automated Driving Proving Grounds Product Offerings
Table 52. U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 53. U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. University of Wisconsin-Madison Company Summary
Table 55. University of Wisconsin-Madison Automated Driving Proving Grounds Product Offerings
Table 56. University of Wisconsin-Madison Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 57. University of Wisconsin-Madison Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. San Diego Association of Governments Company Summary
Table 59. San Diego Association of Governments Automated Driving Proving Grounds Product Offerings
Table 60. San Diego Association of Governments Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 61. San Diego Association of Governments Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. North Carolina Turnpike Authority Company Summary
Table 63. North Carolina Turnpike Authority Automated Driving Proving Grounds Product Offerings
Table 64. North Carolina Turnpike Authority Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 65. North Carolina Turnpike Authority Key News & Latest Developments
List of Figures
Figure 1. Automated Driving Proving Grounds Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. Automated Driving Proving Grounds Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Market Size: 2022 VS 2029 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, 2018-2029 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue in 2022
Figure 8. By Type - Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 9. By Application - Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 10. By Type - Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 11. By Type - Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 12. By Application - Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 13. By Application - Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 14. By Region - Global Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 15. By Country - North America Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 16. US Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 17. Canada Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 18. Mexico Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 19. By Country - Europe Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 20. Germany Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 21. France Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 22. U.K. Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 23. Italy Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 24. Russia Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 25. Nordic Countries Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 26. Benelux Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 27. By Region - Asia Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 28. China Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 29. Japan Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 30. South Korea Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 31. Southeast Asia Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 32. India Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 33. By Country - South America Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 34. Brazil Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 35. Argentina Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 36. By Country - Middle East & Africa Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 37. Turkey Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 38. Israel Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 39. Saudi Arabia Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 40. UAE Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 41. AVPG Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 42. DEKRA Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 43. DigiTrans GmbH Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 44. AVL ZalaZONE Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 45. HORIBA MIRA Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 46. U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 47. University of Wisconsin-Madison Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 48. San Diego Association of Governments Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 49. North Carolina Turnpike Authority Automated Driving Proving Grounds Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
