Anode Saturable Reactors are used in converter valves of HVDC converter stations. The main function are the following: First, it is used to limit the rapid current rising rate (di/dt) in the valve and avoid thyristor element burning caused by the inrush current when thyristor elements are connected; secondly, it is used to avoid thyristor open caused by the inrush voltage with a rapid voltage rising rate (du/dt) when the thyristor elements are disconnected.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Anode Saturable Reactor, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Anode Saturable Reactor. This report contains market size and forecasts of Anode Saturable Reactor in global, including the following market information:
Global Anode Saturable Reactor Market Revenue, 2018-2023, 2024-2032, ($ millions)
Global Anode Saturable Reactor Market Sales, 2018-2023, 2024-2032, (Units)
Global top five Anode Saturable Reactor companies in 2022 (%)
The global Anode Saturable Reactor market was valued at US$ million in 2022 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2029, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period. The influence of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine War were considered while estimating market sizes.
The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2022, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million.
Shell Structure Segment to Reach $ Million by 2029, with a % CAGR in next six years.
The global key manufacturers of Anode Saturable Reactor include Sunking Technology and Qingdao Yunlu Energy Technology etc. in 2022, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.
We surveyed the Anode Saturable Reactor manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.
Total Market by Segment:
Global Anode Saturable Reactor Market, by Type, 2018-2023, 2024-2032 ($ Millions) & (Units)
Global Anode Saturable Reactor Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2022 (%)
Shell Structure
Core Structure
Global Anode Saturable Reactor Market, by Application, 2018-2023, 2024-2032 ($ Millions) & (Units)
Global Anode Saturable Reactor Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2022 (%)
High Voltage DC Transmission
Others
Global Anode Saturable Reactor Market, By Region and Country, 2018-2023, 2024-2032 ($ Millions) & (Units)
Global Anode Saturable Reactor Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2022 (%)
North America
US
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries
Benelux
Rest of Europe
Asia
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Rest of Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of South America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Israel
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of Middle East & Africa
Competitor Analysis
The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:
Key companies Anode Saturable Reactor revenues in global market, 2018-2023 (Estimated), ($ millions)
Key companies Anode Saturable Reactor revenues share in global market, 2022 (%)
Key companies Anode Saturable Reactor sales in global market, 2018-2023 (Estimated), (Units)
Key companies Anode Saturable Reactor sales share in global market, 2022 (%)
Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:
Sunking Technology
Qingdao Yunlu Energy Technology
Outline of Major Chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduces the definition of Anode Saturable Reactor, market overview.
Chapter 2: Global Anode Saturable Reactor market size in revenue and volume.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Anode Saturable Reactor manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 6: Sales of Anode Saturable Reactor in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space of each country in the world.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Global Anode Saturable Reactor capacity by region & country.
Chapter 9: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 10: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 11: The main points and conclusions of the report.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Anode Saturable Reactor Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Anode Saturable Reactor Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Anode Saturable Reactor Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size: 2022 VS 2032
2.2 Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2032
2.3 Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales: 2018-2032
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Anode Saturable Reactor Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Anode Saturable Reactor Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Anode Saturable Reactor Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Anode Saturable Reactor Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers Anode Saturable Reactor Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Anode Saturable Reactor Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Anode Saturable Reactor Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Anode Saturable Reactor Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2032
4.1.2 Shell Structure
4.1.3 Core Structure
4.2 By Type - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, 2024-2032
4.2.3 By Type - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
4.3 By Type - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Type - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales, 2024-2032
4.3.3 By Type - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
4.4 By Type - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2032
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size, 2022 & 2032
5.1.2 High Voltage DC Transmission
5.1.3 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, 2024-2032
5.2.3 By Application - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
5.3 By Application - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales, 2024-2032
5.3.3 By Application - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
5.4 By Application - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2032
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size, 2022 & 2032
6.2 By Region - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, 2024-2032
6.2.3 By Region - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
6.3 By Region - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales, 2024-2032
6.3.3 By Region - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, 2018-2032
6.4.2 By Country - North America Anode Saturable Reactor Sales, 2018-2032
6.4.3 US Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size, 2018-2032
6.4.4 Canada Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size, 2018-2032
6.4.5 Mexico Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, 2018-2032
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Anode Saturable Reactor Sales, 2018-2032
6.5.3 Germany Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.4 France Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.5 U.K. Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.6 Italy Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.7 Russia Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.9 Benelux Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, 2018-2032
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Anode Saturable Reactor Sales, 2018-2032
6.6.3 China Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.4 Japan Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.5 South Korea Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.7 India Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size, 2018-2032
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, 2018-2032
6.7.2 By Country - South America Anode Saturable Reactor Sales, 2018-2032
6.7.3 Brazil Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size, 2018-2032
6.7.4 Argentina Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, 2018-2032
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Anode Saturable Reactor Sales, 2018-2032
6.8.3 Turkey Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8.4 Israel Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8.6 UAE Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size, 2018-2032
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Sunking Technology
7.1.1 Sunking Technology Company Summary
7.1.2 Sunking Technology Business Overview
7.1.3 Sunking Technology Anode Saturable Reactor Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Sunking Technology Anode Saturable Reactor Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Sunking Technology Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Qingdao Yunlu Energy Technology
7.2.1 Qingdao Yunlu Energy Technology Company Summary
7.2.2 Qingdao Yunlu Energy Technology Business Overview
7.2.3 Qingdao Yunlu Energy Technology Anode Saturable Reactor Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Qingdao Yunlu Energy Technology Anode Saturable Reactor Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 Qingdao Yunlu Energy Technology Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global Anode Saturable Reactor Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Anode Saturable Reactor Production Capacity, 2018-2032
8.2 Anode Saturable Reactor Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Anode Saturable Reactor Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Anode Saturable Reactor Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Anode Saturable Reactor Industry Value Chain
10.2 Anode Saturable Reactor Upstream Market
10.3 Anode Saturable Reactor Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Anode Saturable Reactor Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Anode Saturable Reactor in Global Market
Table 2. Top Anode Saturable Reactor Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 4. Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 5. Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales by Companies, (Units), 2018-2023
Table 6. Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Anode Saturable Reactor Price (2018-2023) & (US$/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Anode Saturable Reactor Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Anode Saturable Reactor Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Anode Saturable Reactor Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Table 12. By Type - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 14. By Type - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales (Units), 2018-2023
Table 15. By Type - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales (Units), 2024-2032
Table 16. By Application ? Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Table 17. By Application - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 18. By Application - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 19. By Application - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales (Units), 2018-2023
Table 20. By Application - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales (Units), 2024-2032
Table 21. By Region ? Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2032
Table 22. By Region - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Region - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 24. By Region - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales (Units), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales (Units), 2024-2032
Table 26. By Country - North America Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - North America Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 28. By Country - North America Anode Saturable Reactor Sales, (Units), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - North America Anode Saturable Reactor Sales, (Units), 2024-2032
Table 30. By Country - Europe Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 31. By Country - Europe Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 32. By Country - Europe Anode Saturable Reactor Sales, (Units), 2018-2023
Table 33. By Country - Europe Anode Saturable Reactor Sales, (Units), 2024-2032
Table 34. By Region - Asia Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 35. By Region - Asia Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 36. By Region - Asia Anode Saturable Reactor Sales, (Units), 2018-2023
Table 37. By Region - Asia Anode Saturable Reactor Sales, (Units), 2024-2032
Table 38. By Country - South America Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 39. By Country - South America Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 40. By Country - South America Anode Saturable Reactor Sales, (Units), 2018-2023
Table 41. By Country - South America Anode Saturable Reactor Sales, (Units), 2024-2032
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Anode Saturable Reactor Sales, (Units), 2018-2023
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Anode Saturable Reactor Sales, (Units), 2024-2032
Table 46. Sunking Technology Company Summary
Table 47. Sunking Technology Anode Saturable Reactor Product Offerings
Table 48. Sunking Technology Anode Saturable Reactor Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 49. Sunking Technology Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Qingdao Yunlu Energy Technology Company Summary
Table 51. Qingdao Yunlu Energy Technology Anode Saturable Reactor Product Offerings
Table 52. Qingdao Yunlu Energy Technology Anode Saturable Reactor Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 53. Qingdao Yunlu Energy Technology Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. Anode Saturable Reactor Production Capacity (Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2021-2023 (Units)
Table 55. Global Anode Saturable Reactor Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2021-2023
Table 56. Global Anode Saturable Reactor Production by Region, 2018-2023 (Units)
Table 57. Global Anode Saturable Reactor Production by Region, 2024-2032 (Units)
Table 58. Anode Saturable Reactor Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 59. Anode Saturable Reactor Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 60. Anode Saturable Reactor Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 61. Anode Saturable Reactor Raw Materials
Table 62. Anode Saturable Reactor Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 63. Typical Anode Saturable Reactor Downstream
Table 64. Anode Saturable Reactor Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 65. Anode Saturable Reactor Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Anode Saturable Reactor Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. Anode Saturable Reactor Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global Anode Saturable Reactor Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Anode Saturable Reactor Market Size: 2022 VS 2032 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, 2018-2032 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Anode Saturable Reactor Sales in Global Market: 2018-2032 (Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Type - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Figure 10. By Type - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 11. By Type - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 12. By Type - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Price (US$/Unit), 2018-2032
Figure 13. By Application - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Figure 14. By Application - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 15. By Application - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 16. By Application - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Price (US$/Unit), 2018-2032
Figure 17. By Region - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Figure 18. By Region - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue Market Share, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2032
Figure 19. By Region - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 20. By Region - Global Anode Saturable Reactor Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 21. By Country - North America Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 22. By Country - North America Anode Saturable Reactor Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 23. US Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 24. Canada Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 25. Mexico Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 26. By Country - Europe Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 27. By Country - Europe Anode Saturable Reactor Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 28. Germany Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 29. France Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 30. U.K. Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 31. Italy Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 32. Russia Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 33. Nordic Countries Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 34. Benelux Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 35. By Region - Asia Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 36. By Region - Asia Anode Saturable Reactor Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 37. China Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 38. Japan Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 39. South Korea Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 40. Southeast Asia Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 41. India Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 42. By Country - South America Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 43. By Country - South America Anode Saturable Reactor Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 44. Brazil Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 45. Argentina Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa Anode Saturable Reactor Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 48. Turkey Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 49. Israel Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 51. UAE Anode Saturable Reactor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 52. Global Anode Saturable Reactor Production Capacity (Units), 2018-2032
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production Anode Saturable Reactor by Region, 2022 VS 2032
Figure 54. Anode Saturable Reactor Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels
